Contoh soal: Gerunds, Infinitives, Simple form verbs & Participles Part II

Combine the following statements to make a single sentence.

I saw your friends. They were watching the circus.She didn’t come to the party. Did you ask her?This test should be done quickly. The lecturer wants it.Mr. Hasan painted the rooms. He used yellow paint.My mother let me. I went shopping with him.He finished his work. I helped him.She heard me. I joined the study tour.Norman met an old friend. The friend was hurrying home.I had my house painted. Mang Karna painted it.John went to the meeting. I selected him.The students speak slowly and clearly. The teacher encouraged them.The lesson was difficult. The students found it.She heard me. I was laughing loudly.The windows were dirty. John wiped them. Now, they are clean.He didn’t look at their neighbor’s paper. The lecturer made him.

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Contoh Soal: Fill in the blank (2)

Please help me! I have trouble solving these questions

1. “Do you really want to buy this old crumbling house?”

”Yes, we know the house needs _____, but we love the surroundings.”

(A) to repair
(B) to be repairing
(C) repairing
(D) repaired
(E) be repaired

2. “When I arrived at his office at 3.00, Indra was not there.”
“Well, he _____early.”

(A) should go home
(B) must have gone home
(C) might go home
(D) would have gone home
(E) had better go home

3. The news on the local radio stations as well as in the newspapers _____ that the riots have spread to other places in the city.

(A) to be confirmed
(B) is confirmed
(C) confirmed
(D) are confirmed
(E) confirms

4. “While living in Bogor, we always went to school on foot.”
This means that we _____ on foot while we were living in Bogor.

(A) go to school
(B) are going to school
(C) used to go to school
(D) are used to going to school
(E) liked going to school

5. I _____ all over the place for my dictionary when I suddenly remembered that my sister had borrowed it.

(A) have looked
(B) was looking
(C) looked
(D) am looking
(E) have been looking

6. This is the latest news about the kidnapping of the richest businessman in town _____ we received a few minutes ago.

(A) whom
(B) of which
(C) where
(D) whose
(E) which

7. “I don’t think you can translate the whole book by yourself.”
“You’re right. I’d like to _____ a part of it for me.”

(A) have you translate
(B) you have translated
(C) have translated for you
(D) you have to translate
(E) have been translating

8. Smoking can be the cause of many illnesses and respiratory disorders : _____, it may harm non smokers.

(A) consequently
(B) however
(C) in addition
(D) nevertheless
(E) otherwise

9. “If I hadn’t booked in advance, I would have had difficulties in getting good accommodation at a reasonable price.” This sentence means : _____.

(A) It was difficult to get a room although I had a reservation
(B) I found a room in advance but it wasn’t comfortable
(C) The room I got was good but rather expensive
(D) I was lucky to get a good room without reservation
(E) I got a good room and I didn’t have to pay much.

10. “What do you think about the location of our new restaurant ?”
“Excellent, _____ in the center of the town.”

(A) which location is strategical
(B) locating it strategically
(C) it is strategically located
(D) that is a strategical location
(E) the strategical location

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Penggunaan WHO, WHOM, WHOSE

Relative pronoun who dan whom dua-duanya berarti “siapa” kalau digunakan dalam kalimat tanya dan noun clause. However, who dan whom dua-duanya akan berarti “yang” kalau digunakan dalam adjective clause.

Dalam formal writing or speaking, penggunaan who dan whom sedikit berbeda.

Dalam kalimat tanya (interrogative), who digunakan untuk menanyakan subject kalimat.

Pola penggunaan who adalah sebagai berikut:

Who + verb + object + …?

Who has this great car? (Siapa punya mobil bagus ini?).Who was the first human to set foot on the moon surface? (Siapa orang yang pertama kali menginjakkan kaki di permukaan bulan?).Who will accompany you to the party? (Siapa yang akan menemani kamu ke pesta itu?).

Kalau ketiga kalimat tanya di atas dijawab, maka akan terlihat bahwa who memang menggantikan subject kalimat.

My father has this great car. Atau disingkat:  My father does.Neil Armstrong was the first human to set foot on the moon surface. Atau : Neil Armstrong was.My cousin will. (Sepupuku).

Whom dalam kalimat tanya (interrogative) digunakan untuk untuk menanyakan object kalimat. Whom tidak pernah digunakan untuk menggantikan subject kalimat. Pola penggunaan whom adalah sebagai berikut:

Whom + auxiliary/kata bantu + subject + verb + …?

Whom do you love more? (Siapa yang lebih kamu cintai?).For whom did he buy that necklace? For his girl friend? (Untuk siapa dia membeli kalung itu? Untuk pacarnya?).With whom will you go to the party? (Dengan siapa kamu akan pergi ke pesta itu?).

Walaupun letak whom di awal kalimat, whom ini sebenarnya menanyakan atau menggantikan object kalimat. Perhatikan jawaban dari ketiga pertanyaan di atas berikut ini. (Yang dicetak tebal adalah kata-kata yang digantikan oleh whom dan berfungsi sebagai object kalimat.

I love you more. (Aku lebih mencintai kamu).No, It was not for his girl friend. He bought that necklace for his sister. (Bukan, kalung itu bukan untuk pacarnya. Dia membeli kalung itu untuk adiknya). Dalam kalimat ini that necklace adalah direct object, sedangkan his sister adalah indirect object.I will go to the party with my cousin. (Aku akan pergi ke pesta itu dengan sepupuku).

Penggunaan who dalam noun clause dan adjective clause adalah sama dengan penggunaan who pada kalimat tanya, yaitu untuk menggantikan orang yang posisinya sebagai subject kalimat.

Would you tell me who has this car? (noun clause)Neil Armstrong, who was the first human to set foot on the moon surface, is from the United States. (adjective clause).I’d like to know who will accompany you to the party. (noun clause).

Dan begitu juga dengan penggunaan whom. Pada noun clause dan adjective clause, whom digunakan untuk menggantikan orang yang posisinya sebagai object kalimat. Bedanya dengan kalimat tanya adalah tidak digunakannya atau tidak dilakukan inversi auxiliary ke depan subject kalimat. Dengan kata lain, setelah whom langsung diikuti oleh subject kalimat. Pola ini telah banyak dibahas pada topik: How to Address Questions dan Cara Membuat Embedded Questions.

Please tell me whom you love more! (Tolong kasi tahu aku siapa yang lebih kamu cintai). Noun clause. Perhatikan: kata bantu DO dihilangkan karena kata bantu DO tidak digunakan dalam embedded question.Do you know for whom he bought that necklace? (Apakah kamu tahu untuk siapa dia membeli kalung itu?). Noun clause.My cousin with whom I will go to the party is very pretty? (Sepupuku orang yang akan aku ajak ke pesta itu adalah sangat cantik). Adjective clause.

Remember: Selalu gunakan rules di atas in FORMAL writing or formal speaking (misalnya dalam ujian di sekolah dan test TOEFL).

In informal writing or speaking, however, native English speakers lebih sering menggunakan who untuk menggantikan object kalimat.

Please tell me who you love more! Do you know who he bought that necklace for ?My cousin who I will go to the party with is very pretty?

Selain itu, bule juga sering menggunakan THAT untuk menggantikan orang yang posisinya sebagai subject dan object kalimat.

The first human that set foot on the moon surface was Neil Armstrong. Adjective clause.You’d better get dressed now because the beautiful girl that you told me last night will come over to our place in less than an hour. (Kamu sebaiknya ganti pakaian sekarang sebab cewek cantik yang kamu bilang ke aku tadi malam akan mampir ke tempat (rumah) kita dalam waktu kurang dari satu jam).

Relative pronoun whose jika digunakan dalam kalimat tanya juga berarti “siapa”, sedangkan jika digunakan dalam noun clause dan adjective clause biasanya diterjemahkan menjadi “nya”. Hal ini tergantung pada konteks kalimat.

Berbeda dengan penggunaan who dan whom, penggunaan whose pada umumnya diikuti oleh noun (i.e. whose + noun), dan digunakan untuk menyatakan kepemilikan  (siapa yang punya) noun tersebut. Pola kalimat tanya yang menggunakan whose adalah:

Whose noun + verb + object + …? (jika yang ditanyakan adalah subject kalimat; Lihat contoh1&2 di bawah)

Whose noun + auxilliary/kata bantu + verb + object + …? (jika yang ditanyakan adalah object kalimat; Lihat contoh 3-4)

Whose car is this? (Mobil siapa ini?) = Who has this car?Whose money got stolen? (Uang siapa yang dicuri?) = Who has the money that got stolen?Whose book did you copy? (Buku siapa yang kamu copy?) = Who has the book (that) you copied?Whose cloth are you wearing? (Bajunya siapa yang sedang kamu pakai?) = Who has the cloth (that) you are wearing?

Dalam noun clause dan adjective clause, makna whose pada prinsipnya sama dengan his, her, its, dan their.

I know the man whose car was parked in front of your house. (Aku tahu cowok yang mobilnya diparkir di depan rumahmu). Adjective clause. whose car = his car.The juries are still debating whose performance was the best. (Para juri masih sedang berdebat performa siapa yang terbaik). Noun clause. whose performance = his/her performance.Some Indonesian people have historic sculptures whose values are inestimable in their house. (Beberapa orang Indonesia punya patung-patung bersejarah yang nilainya tidak dapat diprediksi (saking mahalnya) di rumah mereka).  Adjective clause. whose values = their values.We will leave the apartment whose rent will soon be sharply increased . (Kami akan meninggalkan (pindah dari) apartement yang sewanya akan segera dinaikkan secara tajam. whose rent = its rent.

original article here

Penggunaan GET, GOT, GOT/GOTTEN

Verb GET sangat sering digunakan in daily life, khususnya in speaking. Dengan memahami pola-pola penggunaan GET dan maknanya masing-masing, kita akan dapat berkomunikasi dengan lancar.

Verb GET adalah kata kerja tidak beraturan. Secara berturut-turut, verb2 dan verb3-nya adalah GOT dan GOT atau GOTTEN. Di American English, verb3 GOT dan GOTTEN memiliki makna yang berbeda, seperti dibahas pada pola  4 dan 5 di bawah.

Pola-pola penggunaan GET adalah sebagai berikut:

GET + NOUNGET + VERB3/ADJECTIVEGET + NOUN + VERB3/ADJECTIVEHAVE/HAS + GOT + NOUNHAVE/HAS + GOTTEN + NOUNGET + NOUN + INFINITIVEGET + GERUNDGET + USED TO + GERUNDGET + ACCUSTOMED TO + GERUNDGET + PREPOSITION

Sekarang mari kita bahas pola-pola di atas satu per satu.

Kalau diikuti oleh noun, GET secara implisit bermakna “dapat/mendapat/mendapatkan”. Namun, secara eksplisit arti GET sedikit berubah tergantung dari tipe noun yang mengikutinya dan konteks kalimatnya.

a. GET = RECEIVE (mendapat/menerima)

She got many birthday presents.  (Dia mendapat/menerima banyak hadiah ulang tahun).

b. GET = TAKE (mengambil)

He went into his room to get a book for me.  (Dia masuk ke kamarnya untuk mengambil sebuah buku untukku).

c. GET = BUY (membeli)

I got this book at the bookstore across the street.  (Aku membeli buku ini di toko buku di seberang jalan).

d. GET = OBTAIN (memperoleh)

We can get a lot of information from the internet.  (Kita dapat memperoleh banyak informasi dari internet).

e. GET = EARN (mendapat)

Anita always gets high marks in English. (Anita selalu mendapatkan nilai tinggi di pelajaran bahasa Inggris).

f. GET = ARRIVE (tiba)

My brother usually gets home at 5 p.m. (Kakakku biasanya tiba di rumah jam 5 sore).

g. GET = UNDERGO (mengalami)

He got a severe concussion last year. Fortunately, he is fine now. (Dia mengalami gegar otak yang serius/parah tahun lalu. Untunglah dia baik-baik saja sekarang).

h. GET = CATCH (terkena/terjangkit) = SUFFER (menderita)

Many people get dengue fever in rainy season. (Banyak orang terkena/menderita demam berdarah pada musim hujan).

i. GET = CATCH =  CAPTURE = SEIZE (menangkap)

My neighbors got the thief when he was doing his action.  (Tetangga-tetanggaku menangkap pencuri itu pada saat dia sedang melakukan aksinya).

j. GET = PREPARE = FIX = MAKE (mempersiapkan/membuat)

Ms. Simatupang is getting dinner for her beloved husband.  (Nyonya Simatupang sedang mempersiapkan makan malam untuk suaminya tercinta). Question: Benarkah kalau digunakan Ms? Bukannya Mrs?

k. GET = DESTROY (merusak)

The flood got their houses.  (Banjir  itu merusak rumah-rumah mereka).

l. GET = CONTACT = (menghubungi)

Even though I will be far away from you, I will always get you by phone.  (Walaupun aku akan jauh darimu, aku akan selalu menghubungi kamu lewat telepon).

m. GET = MOVE (memindahkan)

Get me out of here. (Pindahkan/Keluarkan aku dari sini).

n. GET = FIND (mencari)

I will get him.  (Aku akan mencarinya).

o. GET = ANNOY (menjengkelkan) = IRRITATE (menggangu pikiran).

His remarks got me.  (Kata-katanya membuatku jengkel).

p. GET = PERSUADE (membujuk)

It’s hard to get my son to study.  (Sulit membujuk anakku agar (mau) belajar). Lihat pola 5.

q. GET = UNDERSTAND (mengerti)

Did you get what he said?  (Apakah kamu mengerti apa yang dia katakan?).

r. GET = HIT (mengenai) = WOUND (melukai).

One of the two bullets got the victim in his neck.  (Salah satu dari peluru itu mengenai korban di lehernya).

Kalau diikuti oleh verb3 atau adjective, GET secara implisit bermakna “menjadi” (= be = become).  Secara eksplisit, GET tidak perlu diterjemahkan.  Namun, jika yang mengikutinya adalah verb3, maka dalam menerjemahkan verb3 tersebut kadang-kadang perlu diimbuhi awalan “ter” atau “di” , dan kadang-kadang tidak perlu. Hal ini tergantung dari konteks kalimatnya.

Contoh:

They got married in 2000. (Mereka kawin tahun 2000).Many people get bored quickly when learning English. Do you? (Banyak orang cepat bosan ketika belajar bahasa Inggris. Apakah kamu (juga) cepat bosan?).I got interested in learning English because I wanted to get a scholarship from a foreign university. (Aku tertarik belajar bahasa Inggris karena aku ingin mendapat beasiswa dari sebuah universitas asing).SBY got reelected as the president of Indonesia. (SBY terpilih kembali menjadi presiden Indonesia).Be careful when you walk across a street if you don’t want to get hit by a car. (Hati-hati ketika kamu menyeberangi sebuah jalan jika kamu tidak ingin tertabrak oleh sebuah mobil).You look stressful. Go out and get laid! (Kamu tampak stress. Get laid = make love = have sex). !!! Maaf.  Contoh “get laid” ini tidak bermaksud menekankan pornografi.He is emotionally unstable. He gets angry/mad very easily. (Emosinya tidak stabil. Dia gampang marah).Stop saying that! I get sick of it. (Berhenti mengatakan hal itu. Aku muak mendengarkannya).

Pola ini mirip dengan pola 2 di atas. Bedanya, verb3/adjective di pola 2 menerangkan noun yang posisinya sebagai subject kalimat, sedangkan di pola ini, verb3/adjective menerangkan NOUN yang posisinya sebagai object kalimat.

Contoh:

I got my hair cut yesterday. (Rambutku dipotong kemarin).I wanted to get my hair shorter than this. (Aku ingin rambutku lebih pendek dari ini).He got his wallet stolen on the bus this morning. (Dompetnya dicopet di bus pagi ini).

Dalam pola seperti ini, verb phrase “HAVE/HAS GOT” = POSSESS = HAVE = OWN yang artinya: “memiliki/mempunyai”. Walaupun menggunakan pola present perfect tense, makna dan waktu kejadian/action dari “mempunyai” adalah dalam present time (now). Pola ini tidak formal, namun sering sekali digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari.

Contoh:

I’ve got a dog, named Robby. (Aku punya seekor anjing, namanya Robby).She’s got a new car now. (Dia punya sebuah mobil baru sekarang).

Sekali lagi, pola ini tidak formal. Jika anda malas ngomong, “HAVE/HAS”-nya juga dapat dihilangkan, dan tentu saja kalimatnya menjadi semakin tidak formal.

I got a dog, named Robby. (Aku punya seekor anjing, namanya Robby).She got a new car now. (Dia punya sebuah mobil baru sekarang).

Perhatikan perbedaan verb di pola ini dengan verb di pola 4 di atas. Di pola ini digunakan verb3 GOTTEN  dan maknanya berubah menjadi “membutuhkan” (= NEED = ACQUIRE).

Contoh:

I’ve gotten another dog to accompany Robby. (Saya butuh seekor anjing lagi untuk menemani Robby).She’s gotten a new car because her old car has been sold. (Dia butuh sebuah mobil baru karena mobil yang lama sudah terjual).

Jika diikuti oleh infinitive, “HAVE/HAS GOT” = MUST = HAVE TO  ( harus).

Contoh:

You’ve got to study harder. (Kamu harus belajar lebih giat).He’s got to borrow some money to pay the tuition fee. (Dia harus pinjam uang untuk membayar SPP).

HAVE/HAS juga sering dihilangkan (sangat tidak formal) sehingga kalimatnya menjadi:

You got to study harder. (Kamu harus belajar lebih giat).He got to borrow some money to pay the tuition fee. (Dia harus pinjam uang untuk membayar SPP).

Dan GOT TO sering disingkat menjadi GOTTA (sangat tidak formal).

You gotta study harder. (Kamu harus belajar lebih giat).He gotta borrow some money to pay the tuition fee. (Dia harus pinjam uang untuk membayar SPP).

Di pola seperti ini, GET adalah sebuah causative verb. Artinya, subject kalimat menyebabkan object kalimat (apakah dengan menyuruh, menggaji, membujuk, atau dengan metode lainnya) melakukan action dari infinitive. NOUN yang dapat dijadikan sebagai object dari GET sebagai causative verb antara lain:  SOMEONE, SOMEBODY, NAME, atau OBJECT PRONOUN.

Contoh:

I will get someone to repair my laptop. (Aku akan dapatkan seseorang (dan menyuruhnya) untuk memperbaiki laptopku).Andre always gets somebody to do his homework. (Andre selalu dapatkan seseorang (dan disuruhnya) untuk menggerjakan PR-nya).My boss got Rene, the secretary, to write the report. (Bosku menyuruh Rene, si sekretaris, untuk membuat laporan).The school’s principal got the students to clean the classrooms. (Kepala sekolah itu menyuruh murid-murid untuk membersihkan ruang-ruang kelas).My brother got me to wash his car. (Kakaku nyuruh aku untuk mencuci mobilnya).

Dalam pola seperti ini, GET dapat diganti dengan HAVE dan makna kalimatnya tidak berubah. Dengan catatan, infinitive setelah object kalimat berubah menjadi verb1 (verb in simple form).

HAVE + NOUN + VERB1

Kelima contoh di atas dapat ditulis:

I will have someone repair my laptop.Andre always has somebody do his homework.My boss had Rene, the secretary, write the report.The school’s principal had the students clean the classrooms.My brother had me wash his car.

Jika diikuti oleh gerund (i.e. verb-ing), GET = START = mulai melakukan action dari gerund tersebut.

Contoh:

Let’s get moving. (Ayo kita mulai bergerak/beraksi).I would like to get going now. (Aku mau pergi sekarang)You should get studying English more seriously now. (Kamu seharusnya mulai belajar bahasa Inggris dengan lebih serius sekarang).

Pola ini bermakna “menjadi terbiasa” dengan action dari gerund (verb-ing) atau noun yang mengikutinya.

Contoh:

You will not like the winter at first, but you will gradually get used to it. (Kamu tidak akan suka musim dingin pada awalnya, tetapi lambat-laun kamu akan menjadi terbiasa dengan musim dingin).Hi sir! Have you got used to the hot and humid climate of Indonesia yet? (Halo pak. Apakah anda telah menjadi terbiasa dengan iklim Indonesia yang panas dan lembab ini?)They used to be rich. When their business collapsed, it was hard for them to get used to living without all those luxurious goods they used to have before. (Mereka dulu kaya. Ketika bisnisnya jatuh, sulit bagi mereka untuk menjadi terbiasa hidup tanpa barang-barang mewah yang dulu mereka miliki).

Verb phrase GET USED TO = BECOME ACCUSTOMED TO. Ketiga contoh di atas akan bermakna sama jika ditulis:

You will not like the winter at first, but you will gradually become accustomed to it. (Kamu tidak akan suka musim dingin pada awalnya, tetapi lambat-laun kamu akan menjadi terbiasa dengan musim dingin).Hi sir! Have you become accustomed to the hot and humid climate of Indonesia yet? (Halo pak. Apakah anda telah menjadi terbiasa dengan iklim Indonesia yang panas dan lembab ini?)They used to be rich. When their business collapsed, it was hard for them to become accustomed to living without all those luxurious goods they used to have before. (Mereka dulu kaya. Ketika bisnisnya jatuh, sulit bagi mereka untuk menjadi terbiasa hidup tanpa barang-barang mewah yang dulu mereka miliki).

Ekspresi dan idiom yang menggunakan verb GET sangat banyak. Expresi dan idiom tersebut dibentuk dengan menambahkan preposition (i.e. get + preposition). Pembahasan tentang ekspresi dan idiom ini akan dimuat dalam posting berikutnya. Stay tuned!

original article here

Penggunaan Kata depan OF

OF merupakan salah satu preposition (kata depan) yang paling sering digunakan. OF dapat berarti daripada (atau sering kita singkat menjadi: dari) dan tentang (= about). Dalam beberapa hal, OF tidak perlu diterjemahkan.

Seperti halnya kata depan lainnya, OF selalu diikuti oleh noun. Tipe noun yang mengikuti OF dapat berupa uncountable noun (benda tak dapat dihitung), singular noun (benda tunggal) dan plural noun (benda jamak). Jika diikuti oleh verb, verb tersebut harus dalam bentuk gerund (verb+ing).

Penggunaan kata depan OF pada umumnya dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 4, yaitu:

Bahasa Inggris menggunakan hukum MD (menerangkan diterangkan). Artinya, adjective ditempatkan di depan noun yang diterangkannya. Jika adjective tersebut berupa noun, pola MD ini dapat dirubah menjadi DM (seperti halnya dalam bahasa Indonesia) dengan menggunakan preposition OF.

Misalnya:  the University of Indonesia, a house of two stories, the Island of a Thousand Temples, the Island of Paradise, dst.

Di sini, two stories, Indonesia, a Thousand Temples, dan Paradise adalah nouns yang difungsikan sebagai adjective. Noun ini berturut-turut menerangkan house, university, dan island.

Contoh:

It’s hard to get accepted at the University of Indonesia. (Sulit untuk diterima di Universitas Indonesia).My brother just bought a house of two stories on Jalan Sudirman. (Kakakku baru saja membeli sebuah rumah berlantai/bertingkat dua di Jalan Sudirman).Foreign tourists refer Bali as “the Island of a Thousand Temples” or “the Island of Paradise”. (Turis asing menyebut Bali dengan nama “the Island of a Thousand Temples” atau “the Island of Paradise”).

OF tidak digunakan jika noun yang difungsikan sebagai adjective tersebut diletakkan di depan noun yang diterangkannya.  Mari kita bandingkan ketiga contoh  kalimat di atas dengan kalimat berikut:

It’s hard to get accepted at Indonesia University. Note: dalam pola seperti ini, the tidak diperlukan. GRAMMATICALLY INCORRECT if we say : at the Indonesia University.My brother just bought a two-story house on Jalan Sudirman.Foreign tourists refer Bali Island as “A Thousand-Temple Island” or “A Paradise Island”.

Perhatikan: -es/-s pada stories dan thousand temples dihilangkan. Jika nouns yang difungsikan sebagai adjective diletakkan sebelum noun yang diterangkannya, noun tersebut selalu singular (tunggal), dan tidak pernah plural (jamak). GRAMMATICALLY INCORRECT if we say : a two stories house, a Thousand-Temples Island, dst. (Silakan baca kembali topik: Penggunaan nouns sebagai Adjectives).

Misalnya: many of the cars, much of the furniture, a lot of those students, dst.

Expression (ungkapan) ini pada umumnya digunakan untuk menyatakan quantity (kuantitas) suatu benda.

Penggunaan OF pada ungkapan-ungkapan seperti ini kadang membingungkan karena terkait dengan:

tipe determiner (i.e. many, much, some, any,  a lot, several, a few, dst) yang digunakan.tipe noun (i.e. uncountable vs singular vs plural noun, dan specific vs not specific noun) yang mengikuti OF.perlu tidaknya digunakan OF.tipe verb (i.e. singular vs plural verb) yang harus digunakan.

Beberapa determiner hanya dapat diikuti oleh plural noun, beberapa hanya dapat diikuti oleh uncountable noun, dan beberapa dapat diikuti oleh  keduanya (uncountable dan countable nouns). Determiner  juga berpengaruh terhadap  subject-verb agreement. Tetapi, dengan memahami rules (ketentuan-ketentuan) pada tabel berikut, anda akan aman.

Determiner (kolom pertama) + OF di tabel berikut diikuti oleh benda jamak yang spesifik.  Untuk menyatakan bahwa benda jamak tersebut specific, kita gunakan the, those, these,  possessive adjective (i.e. my, your, her, his, its, our, their), one’s (i.e. John’s, Rini’s, dst). Perhatikan determiner yang digunakan pada baris pertama dan baris kedua, karena ini terkait dengan tipe verb yang digunakan (i.e. plural vs singular verb, seperti ditunjjukkan pada kolom ke-5). Cara  membuat plural nouns (benda jamak) dapat dibaca di topik: Countable nouns.

Many

(A) few

A (great/large) number

Several

Both

the

those

these

possessive adjective

one’s

The number

One

Each

Every one

Either

Neither

the

 

those

these

possessive adjective

one’s

Contoh:

Many of those cars were made in Japan. (Banyak dari mobil-mobil itu dibuat di Jepang).A few of those cars were made in Germany. (Beberapa dari mobil-mobil itu dibuat di Jerman).A great number of those kinds of cars have been produced in Korea. (Banyak (sejumlah besar) dari mobil-mobil itu telah diproduksi di Korea).Several of those cars were imported from the United States. (Beberara dari mobil-mobil itu diimpor dari USA).Both of John’s cars are very expensive. (Dua-duanya dari mobil John itu sangat mahal).The number of those cars is around five hundreds. (Jumlah dari mobil-mobil itu adalah sekitar 500).One of those cars belongs to my boss. (Salah satu dari mobil-mobil adalah milik bosku).Each of those cars has been maintained regularly. (Masing-masing dari mobil-mobil itu telah dirawat secara reguler).Every one of those students has to take another exam. (Masing-masing dari siswa-siswa itu harus ikut ujian sekali lagi).If either of those cars gets stolen, I will get fired. (Jika salah satu dari mobil-mobil itu tercuri, aku akan dipecat)Neither of those cars is mine. (Tak satu pun dari mobil-mobil itu adalah milikku).

OF di tabel berikut diikuti oleh uncountable noun yang spesifik.  Untuk menyatakan bahwa uncountable noun tersebut specific, kita gunakan the, that, this,  possessive adjective (i.e. my, your, her, his, its, our, their), one’s (i.e. John’s, Rini’s, dst). Perhatikan determiner yang digunakan pada baris pertama dan baris kedua, karena ini terkait dengan tipe verb yang digunakan (i.e. plural vs singular verb. Lihat kolom ke-5). Remember: verb yang tepat digunakan adalah singular verb.

Much

(A) little

A (large) amount

The amount

the

that

this

possessive adjective

one’s

Contoh:

Much of this furniture was made of wood. (Banyak dari furnitur ini dibuat dari kayu).A little of that news was true. (Sedikit dari berita itu benar).A large amount of his money has been stolen. (Sejumlah besar dari uangnnya telah dicuri).The amount of his money is less than US $ 10,000 now. (Jumlah uangnya kurang dari 10 ribu dollar Amerika sekarang).

Note: Penggunaan much pada kalimat positif jarang digunakan. Yang lebih sering digunakan adalah a lot.  Much umumnya digunakan untuk kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya.

OF di tabel berikut diikuti oleh plural noun dan uncountable noun yang spesifik.  Determiner pada kedua baris adalah sama.  Perhatikan perbedaan tipe verb yang digunakan pada kedua baris.

the

 

those

these

possessive adjective

one’s

the

 

that

this

possessive adjective

one’s

Contoh:

All of those chairs were made in Jepara. (Semua dari kursi-kursi itu dibuat di Jepara).Most of my books are out of date. (Kebanyakan dari buku-bukuku sudah kadaluwarsa (tua).A lot of John’s ideas were great. (Ide-ide John banyak yang bagus)Some of the richest men in the world are from Indonesia. (Beberapa dari orang-orang terkaya di dunia berasal dari Indonesia).I don’t like any of those pictures. (Aku tidak suka beberapa dari foto itu)All of that furniture was made in Jepara. (Semua dari furnitur itu dibuat di Jepara).Most of my money has been spent out. (Kebanyakan dari uangku telah habis terbelanjakan).A lot of John’s work was great. (Kerja John banyak yang bagus)Some of the mud in Lapindo has been drained into the sea. (Beberapa dari lumpur di Laindo telah dialirkan ke laut).Would you like any of that juice? (Apakah kamu mau (sedikit) dari jus itu).

Seperti kita lihat, semua noun pada contoh kalimat B.1 – B.3 adalah benda-benda yang spesifik. Dan untuk itu, kita gunakan preposition OF.

Jawabannya adalah tidak. OF tidak digunakan jika nounnya tidak spesifik atau jika kita membicarakan sesuatu in general.

Perhatikan penggunaan OF dari tiap-tiap pasang kalimat berikut:

All of these chairs were made in Jepara. (Semua dari kursi-kursi itu dibuat di Jepara). Di kalimat ini, si pembicara hanya membicarakan semua kursi yang ada di situ (misalnya di Aula itu tempat dia bicara). Dia tidak membicarakan kursi-kursi yang ada di Pantai Kuta, yang ada di Jerman, yang ada di rumahnya, dst. (Spesifik)All chairs are used for sitting. (Semua kursi digunakan untuk duduk). Di kalimat ini, si pembicara membicarakan semua kursi yang mungkin ada; Tidak hanya yang ada di aula itu, tetapi juga kursi-kursi yang ada di pantai Kuta, di Jerman, di rumahnya dst. (Tidak spesifik)Most of these actresses are pretty. (Spesifik)Most actresses are pretty. (Tidak spesifik)Some of these math problems are very difficult to solve. (Spesifik)Some math problems are very difficult to solve. (Tidak spesifik)

Jika diikuti oleh benda yang tidak spesifik, determiner berikut hanya diikuti oleh singular noun (bandingkan dengan pola di B.1):

Contoh:

Each person has one role. (Tiap orang punya peranan). INCORRECT JIKA: Each persons has one role.Every second counts. (Tiap detik berarti/bernilai). INCORRECT JIKA: Every seconds counts.Everything looks great now. INCORRECT JIKA: Everythings look great now.Everyone has gone. INCORRECT JIKA: Everyones have gone.Everybody is invited to my party. INCORRECT JIKA: Everybodies are invited to my party.

Note: Pola ini sudah dibahas pada topik: Words always followed by singular verbs.

Jika ALL dan BOTH diikuti oleh specific nouns, penggunaan OF adalah optional (bisa digunakan bisa juga tidak, dan dua-duanya benar).

All of the students in my class are smart.All the students in my class are smart.All of those books are mine.All those books are mine.I know both of those men.I know both those men.Both of those boys are trying hard to get Susan’s attention.Both those boys are trying hard to get Susan’s attention.

Beberap verb sering digunakan bersamaan dengan OF. OF setelah verb pada umumnya dapat digantikan dengan ABOUT. (Baca topic : Preposition part 2).Verbs + OF yang sering digunakan baik dalam speaking maupun writing antara lain:

think of = think aboutdiscuss of = discuss abouttalk of = talk aboutdream of = dream aboutapprove ofworry of =worry aboutconsist of

Contoh:

I am thinking of mastering English more seriously. (Aku sedang mikir-mikir untuk memperdalam bahasa Inggris dengan lebih serius).We discussed of our plan last night. (Kami mendiskusikan rencana kami tadi malam).I don’t want to talk of it. (Aku tidak mau membicarakan tentang hal itu).Through hard work, you will accomplish what you have dreamed of. (Dengan kerja keras, kamu akan mencapai apa yang telah kamu cita-citakan).Have your parents approved of your getting married? (Apakah orang tua kamu sudah menyetujui tentang perkawinan yang akan kamu laksanakan?)She always worries of her son’s attitude. (Dia selalu mencemaskan prilaku anaknya).The book consists of ten chapters. (Buku itu terdiri dari (mengandung) 10 Bab).

Noun + OF yang sering digunakan antara lain:

choice ofintention ofmethod of = method forpossibility of

Contoh:

The choice of being either a master in English language or not is all in your own hand. (Pilihan untuk menjadi master dalam bahasa Inggris atau tidak semuanya  ada pada diri kamu sendiri).Despite their divorce, they have no intention of not taking care of their children together. (Walaupun mereka cerai, mereka tidak punya maksud untuk tidak merawat anak mereka bersama-sama).I wish I had a better method of teaching English. (Aku berharap aku punya sebuah metode yang lebih baik  dalam mengajar bahasa Inggris).There is a possibility of increasing our salary, isn’t there? (Ada sebuah peluang untuk menaikkan gaji kami, bukan?)

Adjective + OF yang sering digunakan antara lain:

afraid ofworried ofcapable offond oftired of

Contoh:

Many people are afraid of dogs.I was worried of you so much.If you continue practicing your English, you will be capable of speaking English well. (Jika kamu terus melatih bahasa Inggris kamu, kamu akan dapat berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris dengan baik).Although Mbah Surip’s Tak Gendong is not extraordinary, many people are fond of listening to it. (Walaupun lagu Tak Gendongnya Mbah Surip tidak luar biasa (bagus), banyak orang suka mendengarkan lagu itu).Shut the fuck up! I am tired of your nonsense. (Tutup mulutmu! Aku capek dengarkan omong kosongmu).

original article here

Penggunaan DO, DOES, DID, dan DONE

Penggunaan kata DO kadang membingungkan karena selain sebagai kata kerja (verb) juga dapat sebagai kata bantu yang digunakan dalam kalimat tanya (interrogative) dan kalimat negatif (negative form), dan kadang-kadang dalam kalimat positif.

DO tergolong kata kerja tidak beraturan (irregular verb) yang artinya mengerjakan atau  melakukan atau menyelesaikan. Bentuk verb2 dan verb3-nya berturut-turut adalah DID, dan DONE.

DO digunakan pada kalimat simple present tense jika subject-nya plural. Plural subject yang dimaksud adalah I, we, you, they, dan nouns yang dapat digantikan dengan I, we, you, atau they.

Contoh:

I do my homework everyday. (Aku mengerjakan PRku tiap hari).We do house cleaning every other day. (Kami mengerjakan pembersihan rumah tiap dua hari sekali). Lebih enak diterjemahkan: Kami membersihkan rumah dua hari sekali).You do that and I will do this. (Kamu kerjakan itu dan aku akan kerjakan ini).They do their homework every week. (Mereka mengerjakan PRnya tiap minggu).Ani and Anggi do their homework every Friday night. (Ani dan Anggi mengerjakan PRnya tiap Jumat malam = malam Sabtu). Digunakan DO karena Ani dan Anggi dapat digantikan dengan pronoun they.

DOES adalah bentuk singular dari verb1 DO. DOES digunakan pada kalimat present tense jika subjectnya  singular. Yang dimasud dengan singular subject adalah he, she, it dan nouns yang dapat digantikan dengan he, she atau it.

Contoh:

He does his homework everyday. (Dia mengerjakan PRnya tiap hari).She does house cleaning every other day. (Dia mengerjakan pembersihan rumah tiap dua hari sekali). Andi always does a great job. (Andi selalu mengerjakan perkerjaannya dengan sangat baik). Digunakan DOES karena Andi dapat diganti dengan pronoun he.My little sister does the dishes everyday. (Adikku (cewek) membersihkan piring-piring (dan alat makan lainnya) tiap hari).The washing machine is good. It does the washing very well. (Mesin cuci itu bagus.  Mesin cuci itu melakukan pencucian dengan  sangat baik= Mesin cuci itu  membersihkan pakaian-pakaian dengan sangat baik).

Selain dapat digunakan dalam simple present tense, DO juga dapat digunakan dalam kalimat simple future tense (membentuk verb phrase WILL DO, IS/AM/ARE GOING TO DO) dan past future tense (membentuk verb phrase WOULD DO, WAS/WERE GOING TO DO).  Dalam hal ini, DOES tidak dapat digunakan.

Contoh:

He will do his homework tomorrow. (Dia akan mengerjakan PRnya besok).She would do the house cleaning yesterday but she didn’t. (Dia akan mengerjakan pembersihan rumah kemarin tetapi tidak jadi). My little sister is going to do the dishes in an hour. (Adikku (cewek) akan membersihkan piring-piring (dan alat makan lainnya) lagi satu jam lagi).The washing machine is good. It will do the washing very well. (Mesin cuci itu bagus.  Dia akan membersihkan pakaian-pakaian dengan baik).They were going to do the math problems last night.  For an unknown reason, they didn’t. (Mereka akan mengerjakan soal-soal matematika tadi malam. Karena alasan yang tidak diketahui, mereka tidak jadi).

Sebagai kata bantu, DO dan DOES umumnya digunakan pada kalimat negatif dan kalimat  tanya dalam pola simple present tense, dan jika kalimat tersebut menggunakan kata kerja. DO digunakan jika subjectnya plural, sedangkan DOES digunakan jika subjectnya singular.

I/we/you/they + DO + not + verb1 + …He/she/it + DOES + not + verb1 + …DO + I/we/you/they + verb1 + …?DOES + he/she/it + verb1 + …?

Contoh:

He doesn’t do his homework everyday. (Dia tidak mengerjakan PRnya tiap hari). Di kalimat ini, does adalah kata bantu, sedangkan do adalah verb1.She doesn’t do house cleaning every other day. (Dia tidak mengerjakan pembersihan rumah tiap dua hari sekali). Andi doesn’t always do a great job. (Andi tidak selalu mengerjakan perkerjaannya dengan sangat baik). My little sister doesn’t do  the dishes everyday. (Adikku (cewek) tidak membersihkan piring-piring (dan alat makan lainnya) tiap hari).The washing machine isn’t good. It doesn’t do the washing well. (Mesin cuci itu tidak baik.  Mesin cuci itu tidak membersihkan pakaian-pakaian dengan baik).Do you go to school everyday? (Apakah kamu pergi ke sekolah tiap hari?)Does Amy want to meet me? (Apakah Amy ingin ketemu aku?).Do they play badminton every night? (Apakah mereka main bulutangkis tiap malam?).Do you love him? (Apakah kamu mencintainya?).Does that man have a lot of money? (Apakah cowok itu punya banyak uang?)

Kadang-kadang kata bantu DO dan DOES digunakan pada kalimat positif, khususnya ketika menjawab pertanyaan. Penggunaan kata bantu ini dimasudkan untuk mengeraskan arti atau memberi penekanan.

Pola kalimatnya adalah:

I/we/you/they + DO + verb1 + …He/she/it + DOES + verb1 + …

Contoh berikut adalah jawaban dalam bentuk kalimat positif terhadap contoh kalimat tanya 6 -10 di atas:

Yes, I DO go to school everyday. (Ya, aku memang/betul pergi ke sekolah tiap hari).Yes, Amy DOES want to meet you. (Ya, Amy memang ingin ketemu kamu).Yes, they DO play badminton every night. (Ya, mereka memang main bulutangkis tiap malam).Yes, I DO love him. (Ya, aku memang mencintainya).Yes, he DOES have a lot of money. (Ya, cowok itu memang punya banyak uang).

Kata kerja DID hanya dapat digunakan pada kalimat simple past tense. Bentuknya tetap DID walaupun subjectnya singular maupun plural.

Contoh:

He did his homework yesterday. (Dia mengerjakan PRnya kemarin).She did house cleaning two days ago. (Dia mengerjakan pembersihan rumah dua hari yang lalu). Andi did a great job. (Andi mengerjakan perkerjaannya dengan sangat baik). My little sister did the dishes a few minutes ago. (Adikku (cewek) membersihkan piring-piring (dan alat makan lainnya) beberapa menit yang lalu).My mom did the ironing for me last night. (Ibuku menyeterika pakaianku tadi malam).

Kata bantu DID umumnya digunakan pada kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya pada simple past tense.

Subject + DID + not + verb1 + …DID + subject + verb1 + …?

Contoh:

He didn’t do his homework yesterday. (Dia tidak mengerjakan PRnya kemarin). She didn’t do house cleaning last Saturday. (Dia tidak mengerjakan pembersihan rumah hari Sabtu lalu). Andi didn’t do a great job. (Andi tidak mengerjakan perkerjaannya dengan baik). My little sister didn’t do  the dishes this morning. (Adikku (cewek) tidak membersihkan piring-piring (dan alat makan lainnya) tadi pagi).The washing machine isn’t good. It didn’t do the washing well. (Mesin cuci itu tidak baik.  Mesin cuci itu tidak membersihkan pakaian-pakaian dengan baik).Did you go to school last Friday? (Apakah kamu ke sekolah hari Jumat lalu?)Did Amy want to meet me? (Apakah Amy ingin ketemu aku?).Did they play badminton last night? (Apakah mereka main bulutangkis tadi malam?).Did you love him? (Apakah dulu kamu mencintainya?).Did that man have a lot of money? (Apakah dulu cowok itu punya banyak uang?)

Seperti halnya kata bantu DO dan DOES, kadang-kadang kata bantu DID juga digunakan pada kalimat positif, khususnya ketika menjawab pertanyaan. Tujuanya sama yaitu untuk mengeraskan arti atau memberi penekanan.

Pola kalimatnya adalah:

Subject + DID  + verb1 + ….

Contoh berikut adalah jawaban dalam bentuk kalimat positif terhadap contoh kalimat tanya 2.b: 6 -10 di atas:

Yes, I DID go to school last Friday. (Ya, aku memang/betul ke sekolah hari Jumat lalu).Yes, Amy DID want to meet you. (Ya, Amy memang ingin ketemu kamu).Yes, they DID play badminton last night. (Ya, mereka memang main bulutangkis tadi malam).Yes, I DID love him. (Ya, dulu aku memang mencintainya).Yes, he DID have a lot of money before. (Ya,  dulu cowok itu memang punya banyak uang).

a. Sebagai kata kerja

Done adalah bentuk verb3 dari DO. Done digunakan pada kalimat-kalimat yang  menggunakan present perfect tense, past perfect tense, future perfect tense, dan past future perfect tense, baik pada kalimat positif, negatif, maupun kalimat tanya.

Subject + have/has + DONE + …Subject + had + DONE + …Subject + will have + DONE + …Subject + would have + DONE + …

Contoh:

He has done his homework. (Dia telah mengerjakan PRnya). She has done the house cleaning. (Dia telah mengerjakan pembersihan rumah). Andi has done a great job. (Andi teal mengerjakan perkerjaannya dengan sangat baik). My little sister had done  the dishes before my mother arrived home. (Adikku (cewek) telah (selesai) membersihkan piring-piring (dan alat makan lainnya) sebelum ibuku tiba di rumah).The washing machine had done the washing very well before it was out of order last week . (Mesin cuci itu telah membersihkan pakaian-pakaian dengan sangat baik sebelum rusak minggu lalu).This homework will have been done by 5 p.m. (PR ini akan telah terselesaikan sebelum jam 5). He  shouldn’t have done it. (Dia semestinya telah tidak melakukannya). I agree. If I were he, I wouldn’t have done it. (Aku sependapat. Jika aku adalah dia, aku tidak akan melakukannya).Have you done your homework yet? (Apakah kamu telah mengerjakan PRmu?).Yes, I have done it. (Ya, aku telah mengerjakannya).

Selain pada kalimat aktif, DONE dapat digunakan pada kalimat pasif (passive voice) pada semua tensis.

Contoh:

The work has been done by a professional. (Pekerjaan itu telah dikerjakan oleh seorang profesional).The dishes are being done by my sister.  (Piring-piring (kotor) itu sedang dibersihkan/dicuci oleh adikku).It will be done soon. (Itu akan segera dikerjakan).

Seperti halnya verb3 lainnya, DONE juga dapat digunakan sebagai adjective.

Contoh:

I really want to get this done ASAP. (Aku sangat ingin hal ini terselesaikan secepat mungkin. ASAP = as soon as possible). How would you like your steak sir: raw, medium or well done? (Steak yang bagaimana yang tuan pesan; belum mateng benar, sedang-sedang, atau mateng betul?).I am done.

original article here

Regular Verbs: spelling rules

Dalam bahasa Inggris, regular verbs atau kata kerja beraturan adalah kata-kata kerja yang bentuk past tense (verb2) dan past participle (verb3)-nya dibentuk dengan menambahkan -ed atau -d pada base verb (verb1)-nya, sehingga bentuk verb2 dan verb3 tersebut sama-sama diakhiri dengan -ed. (See: 750 Common Regular Verbs.)

Spelling (penulisan) regular verbs lumayan simpel. Namun demikian, kita perlu mengikuti simple rules berikut agar spelling-nya benar:

1. Kalau verb1-nya diakhiri dengan consonant, maka verb2 dan verb3 ditambahi -ed.

Contoh:

abort – aborted – abortedplay – played – playedhappen – happened – happenedknock – knocked – knockedhunt – hunted – hunted

2. Kalau verb1-nya diakhiri dengan huruf e, maka verb2 dan verb3 ditambahi -d.

Contoh:

achieve – achieved- achievedadmire – admired – admiredagree – agreed – agreedguarantee – guaranteed – guaranteedlike – liked – liked

3. Kalau verb1-nya diakhiri dengan ‘consonant + y’, maka y diubah menjadi i kemudian ditambahi -ed.

Contoh:

study – studied – studieddeny – denied – deniednotify – notified – notifiedcry – cried – criedtry – tried -tried

4. Kalau verb1-nya diakhiri dengan ‘vowel + y’, maka y-nya tetap (tidak diubah menjadi i).

Contoh:

play – played – playedobey – obeyed – obeyedemploy – employed – employedstay – stayed – stayeddecay – decayed – decayed

5. Kalau verb1-nya hanya terdiri dari satu suku kata dan diakhiri dengan ‘vowel + consonant’, maka consonant tersebut ditulis dua kali. Rule ini tidak berlaku kalau consonant-nya adalah w, x, dan y.

Contoh:

stop – stopped – stoppedplan – planned – plannedbeg – begged – beggedmop – mopped – moppedplot – plotted – plotted

6. Kalau verb1-nya terdiri dari dua suku kata atau lebih, suku terakhirnya diakhiri dengan ‘vowel + consonant’, dan stress pengucapan terletak di suku terakhir tersebut, maka consonant-nya juga ditulis dua kali. Rule ini tidak berlaku kalau consonant-nya adalah w, x, dan y.

Contoh:

admit -admitted – admittedoccur – occurred – occurredprefer- preferred – preferredpermit – permitted – permittedcompel – compelled- compelled

Di contoh berikut, consonant-nya tidak ditulis double karena stress pengucapannya tidak di suku kata terakhir:

happen – happened – happenedconsider – considered – consideredcover – covered – covereddeliver -delivered – deliveredfrighten – frightened – frightened

7.  Dalam British English, consonant l yang terakhir selalu ditulis double, tetapi rule ini tidak berlaku dalam American English.

Contoh:

travel – travelled – travelled (British English)travel – traveled – traveled (American English)level – levelled – levelled (British English)level – leveled – leveled (American English)label – labelled – labelled (British English)label – labeled – labeled (American English)

Indeed, spelling rules untuk regular verbs memang lumayan simpel. Namun demikian, kesalahan spelling umumnya terjadi di poin 6 karena kita umumnya tidak mengetahui the correct pronunciation dari kata yang bersangkutan. Tetapi, ini hanya menjadi kendala kalau kita mengikuti ujian. Sedangkan kalau kita menulis artikel, kesalahan spelling semestinya tidak terjadi karena kita langsung dinotified oleh applikasi yang kita gunakan setiap ada misspelling. Sayangnya, kesalahan spelling ini sering kita jumpai karena kita kurang teliti, atau simply karena ‘we don’t give a damn shit“.

Yang lebih ribet bagi kita adalah their pronunciation. Walaupun pengucapan verb1 dengan verb2 (dan verb3) hanya dibedakan oleh  -ed, kita dan lidah kita sering kesulitan mengucapkannya dengan benar. -ed tersebut dapat dilafalkan dengan /Id/, /d/, atau /t/ tergantung suara terakhir dari verb1. Hal ini didiskusikan secara lebih detail di: How to Pronounce -ed in English.

original article here

Present and Past Participles

This page contains an audio clip of the usage of the present and past participles, along with its script. It is made available in an attempt not only to reduce our confusion of how to use those participles correctly but also to strengthen our listening skill. In order to achieve the latter purpose, at first, please listen to the audio clip and try to understand what it’s all about without reading the provided script. Later, you can replay the audio and compare what you hear to what I heard. And, as I said in other posts, my rusty ears might have misheard some (hopefully not many) words, so please don’t hesitate to correct them. Thank you, and have fun!

Audio clip: Adobe Flash Player (version 9 or above) is required to play this audio clip. Download the latest version here. You also need to have JavaScript enabled in your browser.

Here are some films I find interesting. Do you think we’re interested in the same kinds of films? In this lesson, we’re going to talk about adjectives that end in –ing and –ed, like interesting and interested.

Students sometimes find it difficult to choose between adjectives that end in –ing and –ed. But, if you understand the difference between active and passive, you can easily choose the correct adjective. If you need an adjective to express an active meaning, then we choose –ing. If you need an adjective that expresses a passive meaning, then you choose an -ed ending. Let’s consider some other examples.

Here’s a movie called “The Illusionist”. I found the end of this film surprising. Why did I say surprising? Because there’s an active meaning here; The film did something to me. It surprised me. So, the end of the film was surprising.

Here’s another film,”Pulp Fiction”. I think some of you have probably seen this film. Now, some parts of this film were shocking. Why did I choose shocking? Because it did something to me. The film had an effect on me.

And here’s another film, “Speed”. This film was very exciting.

Now, let’s consider examples of adjectives with the – ed ending.

This is “Lord of the Rings”. The story is told in three parts and each part is very long. The story is very good but truthfully, by the end of each part, I feel very tired.

Why do I choose tired, an adjective with –ed ending? “Tired” expresses a passive meaning and emphasizing the effect that the movie had on me. How did I feel? I felt tired. So, something happened to me.

Similarly, how did I feel when I watched “Pirates of the Caribbean”? I felt a little disappointed. This story also has three parts. I found the first part of the movie, Pirates of the Caribbean, very interesting but when I watched the second part, I was disappointed. Disappointed! Again, it’s a passive meaning and emphasizing the effect that the movie had on me.

Participles are verb forms. In English, there are present participles and past participles. Present participles end in –ing, as in, boring, exciting, surprising, disappointing, et cetera. Past participles end in –ed, unless they are formed from irregular verbs. Examples: bored, excited, written, forgotten, et cetera.

Participles can have different functions. They are formed from verbs, but they are not always part of the verb in a sentence. Consider these two examples.

Many people were crying by the end of the film.

Here, “crying” is a present participle and it’s part of the verb. “Were crying” is a verb in the past progressive.

Second example:

The parents took the crying child out of the theater.

Here, the same present participle is now an adjective. It’s modifying a noun. Crying describes the child.

Now consider these two examples:

The film had excited a lot of interest.

“Excited” here is part of the verb. “Had excited” is a verb in the past perfect.

Second example:

Excited moviegoers stood in line to buy tickets.

The same past participle is now an adjective. It’s modifying a noun. “Excited” describes moviegoers.

Now, these adjectives are called by different names. Participial adjectives or verbal adjectives are two common terms. When participles are used as adjectives, they express an active or passive meaning.

Let’s talk about present participles.

An adjective ending in –ing expresses an active meaning. It describes someone or something that does an action.

Examples:

The film is interesting.Johnny Depp is one of the most exciting actors.Some horror films are truly terrifying.

The adjectives in these three examples have an active meaning. Someone or something is performing an action. In the first example, the film interests people. The film is interesting. In the second example, Johnny Depp excites people, so we call him an exciting actor. And in the third example, horror films terrify people, so we can say they’re terrifying.

So, adjectives that end in –ing commonly describe a person or thing that can have an effect on others. This person or thing creates emotion, feeling in others. But that’s not always the case. Consider these next two examples.

The aging actor still had many fans.The increasing sales pleased the producers of the film.

Here, we still have adjectives that have an active meaning because someone or something is performing an action. But, we’re not talking about an effect on others. We’re not talking about creating feeling or emotion in others. The person or thing is performing an action but it’s more about an ongoing action, meaning the action continues over period of time. The actor is getting older so we call him an aging actor. The sales are getting bigger so we can describe the sales as increasing sales.

Now let’s talk about past participles.

An adjective ending in –ed expresses a passive meaning. It can describe someone or something that receives an action. It often describes a feeling or condition.

Examples:

I lost my friends in the crowded movie theater.

Here, the adjective crowded is describing movie theater. It’s describing the condition of the theater and it has that passive meaning. The movie theater is not doing anything. It’s not performing an action. In fact, people are coming into it. So, you could say it’s receiving an action. Something is being done to the theater.

And in the second example,

Subtitles are a written translation of the dialogue.

Translation is being described and translation is not performing any action. Something happened to the translation. Somebody wrote it. Somebody made it. So, we can describe it as a written translation.

And as I said, adjectives that end in –ed commonly describe someone’s feelings. So, look at these three examples.

I’m very interested in actors’ biographies.The actress seemed bored with life in Hollywood.The director felt satisfied with his work.

Here’s a note on word order.

Participial adjectives can be used like other adjectives. For example, we can use them before a noun, as in ‘the aging actor’. We can also use them after a linking verb.

For example:

Participial adjectives can be used with adverbs of degree or comparison.

Example:

I’m very interested in actors’ biographies.

Very is an adverb of degree.

Next example:

Johnny Depp is one of the most exciting actors.

So we can say more exciting, most exciting. When I say adverb of comparison I mean comparative and superlative forms.

Participial adjectives can also be followed by prepositional phrases.

For example:

The actress seemed bored with life in Hollywood

original article here

Penggunaan WHICH

Relative pronoun which dapat digunakan untuk membuat kalimat tanya (interrogative), noun clause dan adjective clause. Sama dengan penggunaan whose, which dalam kalimat tanya dan noun clause juga langsung diikuti oleh noun (i.e. which noun atau which one), dan artinya adalah “noun yang mana“. Dalam adjective clause, which tidak diikuti oleh noun, dan dalam hal ini, which diterjemahkan menjadi “yang“. Which tidak pernah digunakan untuk menanyakan atau menggantikan orang.

Untuk membuat kalimat tanya dan jika yang ditanyakan adalah subject kalimat, kita dapat gunakan pola berikut:

Which noun + verb + …?

Which one + verb + …?

Which one digunakan jika nounnya sudah pernah disebutkan atau sudah pernah diacu sebelumnya. Jika nounnya belum pernah disebutkan sebelumnya sebaiknya gunakan which noun agar lawan bicara tidak bingung benda yang mana yang anda tanyakan.

Contoh:

Which bank got robbed? (Bank yang mana yang dirampok?).Which candidate will win the contest? (Kandidat yang mana yang akan memenangkan kontes?).Which books are on sale now? (Buku-buku yang mana yang diobral sekarang?).Which countries have been considered developed ones? (Negara-negara yang mana yang telah dianggap negara-negara maju?).Which juice is mine? (Jus yang mana jusku?).Which homework must be done now? (PR yang mana yang harus dikerjakan sekarang?)

Dari contoh kalimat di atas dapat kita lihat bahwa noun yang mengikuti which dapat berupa singular noun (benda tunggal. Lihat contoh 1-2), plural noun (benda jamak. Lihat contoh 3-4), dan uncountable noun (benda tak dapat dihitung. Lihat contoh 5-6).

Misalkan sekarang, semua nouns pada keenam contoh kalimat di atas sudah pernah disebutkan sebelumnya, maka nounnya dapat kita ganti dengan one jika noun tersebut singular dan uncountable , atau diganti dengan ones jika noun tersebut plural.

Which one got robbed? (Bank yang mana yang dirampok?).Which one will win the contest? (Kandidat yang mana yang akan memenangkan kontes?).Which ones are on sale now? (Buku-buku yang mana yang sedang diobral sekarang?).Which ones have been considered developed countries? (Negara-negara yang mana yang telah dianggap negara-negara maju?).Which one is mine? (Jus yang mana jusku?).Which one must be done now? (PR yang mana yang harus dikerjakan sekarang?)

Sebaliknya,  jika yang ditanyakan adalah object kalimat, kita gunakan pola berikut:

Which noun + auxiliary/kata bantu + subject + verb + …?

Which one + auxiliary/kata bantu + subject + verb + …?

Contoh:

Which language do you prefer to study, English or Japanese? = Which one do you prefer to study, English or Japanese? (Bahasa yang mana yang kamu lebih suka pelajari, Bahasa Inggris atau Bahasa Jepang?).Which juice did you just drink? = Which one did you just drink? (Jus yang mana yang kamu minum tadi?).Which places will you choose for your vacation? = Which ones will you choose for your vacation? (Tempat-tempat yang mana yang akan kamu pilih untuk liburanmu?).

Seperti kita lihat, jika yang ditanyakan adalah object kalimat maka kita butuh auxiliary atau kata bantu dan menempatkannya sebelum subject kalimat (inversi) . Sebaliknya, jika yang ditanyakan adalah subject kalimat maka kita tidak butuh adanya inversi. Cara membuat kalimat tanya telah dibahas dengan panjang lebar pada topik : How to Address Questions.

Pola penggunaan which noun atau which one dalam noun clause pada prinsipnya sama dengan pola pada kalimat tanya.

I’d like to know which bank got robbed. (Aku ingin tahu bank yang mana yang dirampok). Noun clause sebagai object kalimat.Can you predict which candidate will win the contest? (Dapatkah memprediksi kandidat yang mana yang akan memenangkan kontes?). Noun clause sebagai object kalimat.I am wondering which books are on sale now. (Aku ingin tahu buku-buku yang mana yang sedang diobral sekarang). Noun clause sebagai object kalimat.Which countries have been considered developed ones can be read on Chapter three. (Negara-negara yang mana yang telah dianggap negara-negara maju dapat dibaca pada Bab 3). Noun clause sebagai subject kalimat.We put the two glasses so close that we don’t know which juice is mine and which juice is his. (Kami menaruh kedua gelas (berisikan jus) begitu dekat sehingga kami tidak tahu jus yang mana jusku dan jus yang mana jus dia).I can’t decide which homework must be done now. (Aku tidak dapat memutuskan PR yang mana yang harus dikerjakan sekarang?).My father always asks me which language I prefer to study. (Ayahku selalu bertanya kepadaku bahasa yang mana yang aku lebih suka pelajari).I want to make sure which juice you just drank. (Jus yang mana yang kamu minum tadi?).Please tell me which places you will choose for your vacation! = Which ones will you choose for your vacation? (Katakan padaku tempat-tempat yang mana yang akan kamu pilih untuk liburanmu?).

Dengan menggantikan noun setelah which dengan one atau ones (jika nounnya plural) maka diperoleh kalimat-kalimat berikut:

I’d like to know which one got robbed. (Aku ingin tahu bank yang mana yang dirampok). Noun clause sebagai object kalimat.Can you predict which one will win the contest? (Dapatkah memprediksi kandidat yang mana yang akan memenangkan kontes?). Noun clause sebagai object kalimat.I am wondering which ones are on sale now (Aku ingin tahu buku-buku yang mana yang sedang diobral sekarang). Noun clause sebagai object kalimat.Which ones have been considered developed ones can be read on Chapter three? (Negara-negara yang mana yang telah dianggap negara-negara maju dapat dibaca pada Bab 3). Noun clause sebagai subject kalimat.We put the two glasses so close that we don’t know which one is mine and which juice is his? (Kami menaruh kedua gelas (berisikan jus) begitu dekat sehingga kami tidak tahu jus yang mana jusku dan jus yang mana jus dia).I can’t decide which one must be done now? (Aku tidak dapat memutuskan PR yang mana yang harus dikerjakan sekarang?)My father always asks me which one I prefer to study. (Ayahku selalu bertanya kepadaku bahasa yang mana yang aku lebih suka pelajari).I want to make sure which one you just drank. (Aku ingin meyakinkan jus yang mana yang kamu minum tadi?).Please tell me which ones you will choose for your vacation!  (Katakan padamu tempat-tempat yang mana yang akan kamu pilih untuk liburanmu?).

Dan jika kita perhatikan (khususnya contoh 7-9),  kalimat tanya berubah menjadi kalimat positif (affirmative) atau juga dalam kalimat negatif,  jika digunakan sebagai noun clause. Inilah yang disebut dengan embedded question yang telah banyak dibahas pada topik: Cara Membuat Embedded Questions. Dan cara membuat noun clause dapat dibaca pada topik: Noun clauses.

Dalam adjective clause, which hanya dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan benda. Which tidak pernah digunakan untuk menggantikan orang walaupun dalam informal speaking sekali pun.

Pola penggunaan which dalam adjective clause (relative clause) adalah sebagai berikut:

which + verb +… (jika which menggantikan subject kalimat)

which + subject + verb +… (jika which menggantikan object kalimat)

Yang juga perlu diperhatikan ketika menggunakan which dalam adjective clause adalah tipe benda yang digantikannya atau diacunya. Jika benda yang digantikannya atau diacunya singular dan uncountable maka verb yang mengikuti which juga harus singular, sebaliknya jika benda yang digantikannya atau diacunya  plural (jamak) maka verb yang mengikuti which juga harus plural.

Contoh:

The books which were on sale last week have been sold out. (Buku-buku yang diobral minggu lalu telah terjual habis). Which menggantikan plural noun: the books.The photos which you gave me twenty-five years ago still look good in my photo album. (Foto-foto yang kamu berikan aku 25 tahun yang lalu masih tampak bagus di album fotoku).The book which is on the table is mine. (Buku yang di atas meja itu adalah bukuku). Which menggantikan singular noun: the book.We are studying sentences which contain adjective clauses. (Kita sedang mempelajari kalimat-kalimat yang mengandung adjective clause).The movie which we saw last week wasn’t very good.

Kelima contoh kalimat ini mengandung restrictive clause, yaitu adjective clause yang tidak dapat dihilangkan dari kalimat, sebab kalau dihilangkan makna kalimatnya menjadi berubah atau menimbulkan pertanyaan bagi lawan bicara. Dalam hal ini, which dapat digunakan secara interchangable dengan THAT.

The books that were on sale last week have been sold out. (Buku-buku yang diobral minggu lalu telah terjual habis).The photos that you gave me twenty-five years ago still look good in my photo album. (Foto-foto yang kamu berikan aku 25 tahun yang lalu masih tampak bagus di album fotoku).The book that is on the table is mine. (Buku yang di atas meja itu adalah bukuku).We are studying sentences that contain adjective clauses. (Kita sedang mempelajari kalimat-kalimat yang mengandung adjective clause).The movie that we saw last week wasn’t very good.

Tetapi, which dan that tidak interchangable pada nonrestrictive clause, yaitu adjective clause  yang hanya memberi informasi tambahan yang tidak begitu penting kepada noun yang diterangkannya. Jika dihilangkan dari kalimat, makna kalimatnya tidak berubah dan tidak menimbulkan  pertanyaan atau tidak membuat lawan bicara bingung.

Contoh:

The fish, which cannot survive without water, should be kept underwater all the time. (Ikan itu, yang tidak dapat hidup tanpa air, harus selalu berada di dalam air).Sea water, which is salty, is where sea weeds grow. (Air laut, yang rasanya asin, adalah tempat rumput laut tumbuh).A horse, which has four legs, runs faster than a man, who has two legs.

Ajective clause pada ketiga contoh ini adalah nonrestrictive clause (perhatikan: adjective clause ini diletakan di antara koma pembuka dan koma penutup). Dalam hal ini, which tidak dapat digantikan dengan that.

original article here

Perfect Infinitives

Di posting Infinitives dan Penggunaannya, kita telah diskusikan penggunaan “to + verb1” dan, bentuk negatifnya, “not + to + verb1“. Infinitives tersebut digunakan untuk mengekspresikan action yang dilakukan di masa sekarang dan masa mendatang. Bentuk infinitive ini disebut present infinitives.

Selain present infinitives, Bahasa Inggris juga mengenal bentuk infinitive yang lain yang disebut perfect infinitives, dengan struktur:

Notes:

Verb3 = past participleHas dan had tidak digunakan setelah particle to.Perfect infinitives umumnya langsung mengikuti adjectives (e.g. happy, glad, sad, grateful, pleased, delighted, etc) atau verbs of perceptions (e.g. seem, appear, look, sound, smell, etc).

Berbeda dengan penggunaan present infinitives, perfect infinitives digunakan untuk mengekspresikan action yang sudah dilakukan atau sudah terjadi di masa lampau. Dengan kata lain, action dari verb di perfect infinitives terjadi sebelum action dari main verb (predikat).

Kalau main verb-nya dalam present tense, maka konteks dari perfect infinitive tersebut pada prinsipnya sama dengan present perfect tense.

Contoh:

You seem to have known her very well = It seems (that) you have known her very well.The lighting in their house is dim. They appear to have gone to bed already = It appears (that) they have gone to bed already.I am glad to have met you before = I am glad (that) I have met you before.

Sedangkan, kalau main verb-nya dalam past tense, maka konteks dari perfect infinitive tersebut sama dengan past perfect tense.

You seemed to have known her very well = It seemed (that) you had known her very well.The lighting in their house was dim. They appeared to have gone to bed already = It appeared (that) they had gone to bed already.I was glad to have met you before = I was glad (that) I had met you before.

Seperti halnya present infinitive, bentuk negatif dari perfect infinitives juga dengan menyisipkan abverb not sebelum particle to.

Contoh:

Budi is sad not to have gone to the party.He looked not to have been familiar with the new machine.That team became the first one not to have proceeded to the next round.

Bentuk pasif dari perfect infinitives mengikuti pola:

Contoh:

The little boy was very happy not to have been left alone.The driver was sad to have been ticketed by the police.He is still too young to have been given that responsibility.

Perfect infinitives dapat mengikuti modal auxiliary, seperti could, would, might, ought, should, must, will. Dalam hal ini, particle to tidak digunakan. Verb phrase Modal + Perfect Infinitive ini umumnya digunakan untuk mengekspresikan past contraty-to-fact situations, serta past dan future possibility.

Contoh:

You should have been there last night ( Fact: You weren’t there last night).Many students didn’t pass the exam. They should have studied harder.He would have arrived in time if he hadn’t got a flat tire.Wow, the ground is so wet. It must’ve rained last night.She could’ve stayed in Bali longer if she hadn’t had much work to do in Jakarta.I will have finished my report by noon tomorrow.

original article here

750 Common Regular Verbs

The following table contains a list of 750 English regular verb commonly used in daily conversation. I’d like to note that they are spelled based on the American English.

abort
accept
accomplish
achieve
activate
add
admire
admit
advertize
advise
affect
afford
agree
aim
alert
allow
alter
amaze
amuse
analyze
announce
annoy
answer
apologize
appear
applaud
appoint
appreciate
approve
argue
arrange
arrest
arrive
ascend
ask
assault
assemble
assume
attach
attack
attempt
attend
attract
avoid
back
bake
balance
ban
bang
bare
bat
bathe
battle
beam
beg
behave
believe
belong
bleach
bless
blind
blink
blot
blush
boast
boil
bolt
bomb
book
bore
borrow
bounce
bow
box
brake
branch
breathe
broaden
bruise
brush
bubble
bump
burn
bury
buzz
calculate
call
camp
care
carry
carve
cause
challenge
change
characterize
charge
chase
cheat
check
cheer
chew
choke
chop
claim
clap
classify
clean
clear
climb
clip
close
coach
coil
collect
color
comb
command
commit
communicate
compare
compete
complain
complete
compute
concentrate
concern
confess
confuse
connect
consider
consist
contact
contain
continue
contribute
convince
copy
correct
cough
count
cover
crack
crash
crawl
cross
crush
cry
cure
curl
curve
cycle
dam
damage
dance
dare
decay
deceive
decide
decorate
decrease
delay
delight
deliver
demonstrate
deny
depend
depict
descend
describe
desert
deserve
destroy
detect
develop
differentiate
disagree
disallow
disappear
disappoint
disapprove
disarm
disclose
disconnect
discontinue
discover
disguise
dislike
divide
double
doubt
drag
drain
dread
dream
dress
drip
drop
drown
drum
dry
duplicate
dust
earn
educate
elect
embarrass
emigrate
employ
empty
enable
encourage
end
enjoy
enlarge
enter
entertain
escape
evaporate
evolve
examine
excite
excuse
execute
exemplify
exercise
exist
exit
expand
expect
explain
explode
exploit
explore
express
extend
fabricate
face
fade
fail
fancy
fasten
fax
fear
fence
fetch
figure
file
fill
film
fire
fit
fix
flap
flash
float
flood
flow
flower
fold
follow
fool
force
form
found
frame
frighten
fry
gain
gather
gaze
glow
glue
grab
graduate
grate
grease
greet
grin
grip
groan
guarantee
guard
guess
guide
hammer
hand
handle
hang
happen
harass
harm
hate
haunt
head
heal
heap
heat
help
hesitate
hire
hook
hop
hope
hover
hug
hum
hunt
hurry
identify
ignore
imagine
immigrate
impress
improve
include
increase
indicate
influence
inform
inject
injure
insert
insist
inspire
instruct
intend
interest
interfere
interrupt
introduce
invent
invite
involve
irritate
itch
jail
jam
jog
join
joke
judge
juggle
jump
justify
kick
kill
kiss
kneel
knit
knock
knot
label
land
last
laugh
launch
learn
level
license
lick
lie
lighten
like
limit
link
liquidate
list
listen
live
load
lock
long
look
love
manage
march
mark
marry
match
mate
matter
measure
meddle
melt
memorize
mend
mention
mess up
migrate
milk
mind
mine
miss
mix
moan
moor
mourn
move
muddle
mug
multiply
murder
nail
name
narrow
need
nest
nibble
nod
note
notice
notify
number
obey
object
observe
obtain
occur
offend
offer
open
order
organize
overflow
owe
own
pack
paddle
paint
park
part
pass
paste
pat
pause
peck
pedal
peel
peep
perform
permit
persuade
phone
pick
pinch
pine
place
plan
plant
play
please
plug
point
poke
polish
pollinate
pop
possess
post
postpone
pour
practice
pray
preach
precede
prefer
prepare
present
preserve
press
presume
pretend
prevent
prick
print
proceed
produce
program
promise
protect
provide
publish
pull
pump
punch
puncture
punish
push
question
queue
race
radiate
rain
raise
reach
realize
reappear
recall
receive
recognize
recommend
record
recover
reduce
refer
reflect
refuse
regret
reign
reject
rejoice
relax
release
rely
remain
remember
remind
remove
repair
repeat
replace
reply
report
represent
reproduce
request
require
rescue
resent
resist
respond
rest
result
retire
retreat
return
reveal
revisit
rhyme
rinse
risk
rob
rock
roll
rot
rotate
rub
ruin
rule
rush
sack
sail
satisfy
save
saw
scare
scatter
scold
scorch
scrape
scratch
scream
screw
scribble
scrub
seal
search
select
separate
serve
settle
shade
share
sharpen
shave
shelter
shiver
shock
shop
shrug
sigh
sign
signal
simplify
sin
sip
ski
skip
slap
slip
slurp
slow
smash
smell
smile
smoke
snatch
sneeze
sniff
snore
snow
soak
soothe
sort
sound
spare
spark
sparkle
specialize
spell
spill
spoil
spot
spray
sprout
squash
squeak
squeal
squeeze
stabilize
stain
stamp
stare
start
state
stay
steer
step
stir
stitch
stop
store
strap
strengthen
stretch
strip
stroke
stuff
subtract
succeed
suck
suffer
suggest
suit
supplement
supply
support
suppose
surprise
surround
suspect
suspend
switch
symbolize
talk
tame
tap
taste
tease
telephone
tempt
terrify
test
thank
thaw
tick
tickle
tie
time
tip
tire
touch
tour
tow
trace
trade
train
transform
transport
trap
travel
treat
tremble
trick
trip
trot
trouble
trust
try
tug
tumble
turn
twist
type
uncover
undress
unfasten
unite
unlock
unpack
urge
use
usher
vanish
visit
visualize
vote
wag
wail
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rejoicing
relaxing
releasing
relying
remaining
remembering
reminding
removing
repairing
repeating
replacing
replying
reporting
representing
reproducing
requesting
requiring
rescuing
resenting
resisting
responding
resting
resulting
retiring
retreating
returning
revealing
revisiting
rhyming
rinsing
risking
robbing
rocking
rolling
rotting
rotating
rubbing
ruining
ruling
rushing
sacking
sailing
satisfying
saving
sawing
scaring
scattering
scolding
scorching
scraping
scratching
screaming
screwing
scribbling
scrubbing
sealing
searching
selecting
separating
serving
settling
shading
sharing
sharpening
shaving
sheltering
shivering
shocking
shopping
shrugging
sighing
signing
signaling
simplifying
sinning
sipping
skying
skipping
slapping
slipping
slurping
slowing
smashing
smelling
smiling
smoking
snatching
sneezing
sniffing
snoring
snowing
soaking
soothing
sorting
sounding
sparing
sparking
sparkling
specializing
spelling
spilling
spoiling
spotting
spraying
sprouting
squashing
squeaking
squealing
squeezing
stabilizing
staining
stamping
staring
starting
stating
staying
steering
stepping
stirring
stitching
stopping
storing
strapping
strengthening
stretching
striping
stroking
stuffing
subtracting
succeeding
sucking
suffering
suggesting
suiting
supplementing
supplying
supporting
supposing
surprising
surrounding
suspecting
suspending
switching
symbolizing
talking
taming
tapping
tasting
teasing
telephoning
tempting
terrifying
testing
thanking
thawing
ticking
tickling
tying
timing
tipping
tiring
touching
touring
towing
tracing
trading
training
transforming
transporting
trapping
traveling
treating
trembling
tricking
tripping
trotting
troubling
trusting
trying
tugging
tumbling
turning
twisting
typing
uncovering
undressing
unfastening
uniting
unlocking
unpacking
urging
using
ushering
vanishing
visiting
visualizing
voting
wagging
wailing
waiting
walking
wandering
wanting
warming
warning
washing
wasting
watching
watering
waving
weighing
welcoming
whining
whipping
whirling
whispering
whistling
widening
winking
wiping
wishing
wobbling
wondering
working
worrying
wrapping
wrecking
wrestling
wriggling
yawning
yelling
zipping
zooming

original article here